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"For aromatic or conjugated compounds, the GC-UV method had a clear advantage….Also two iodonated compounds were determined only by the GC-UV technique..." Read Publication
"AGC-UV system would be a useful addition to a probe whose mission is to explore the organic chemistry of other worlds, especially Titan. Such a system could be made small, lightweight and low-power, making it ideal for spaceflight situations..." Read Paper
"The findings also illustrate the potential use of GC-UV for analysing volatile compounds in indoor dust, some of which are potential irritants (to the skin, eyes or respiratory system) if present at higher concentrations…" Read Publication
B aur, X., Budnik, L.T., Zhao, Z. et al. Health risks in international container and bulk cargo transport due to volatile toxic compounds. J Occup Med Toxicol 10, 19 (2015).
To ensure the preservation and quality of the goods, physical (i.e. radiation) or chemical pest control is needed. The dark side of such consents may bear health risks in international transport and production sharing. In fact, between 10% and 20% of all containers arriving European harbors were shown to contain volatile toxic substances above the exposure limit values. Possible exposure to these toxic chemicals may occur not only for the applicators but also the receiver by off gassing from products, packing materials or transport units like containers. A number of intoxications, some with lethal outcome, occur not only during the fumigation, but also during freight transport (on bulk carriers and other transport vessels), as well as in the logistic lines during loading and unloading. Risk occupations include dock-workers, seafarers, inspectors, as well as the usually uninformed workers of importing enterprises that unload the products. Bystanders as well as vulnerable consumers may also be at risk. Ongoing studies focus on the release of these toxic volatile substances from various goods. It was shown that the half-lives of the off-gassing process range between minutes and months, depending on the toxic substance, its chemical reactivity, concentration, the temperature, the contaminated matrix (goods and packing materials), and the packing density in the transport units. Regulations on declaration and handling dangerous goods are mostly not followed.
It is obvious that this hazardous situation in freight transport urgently requires preventive steps. In order to improve awareness and relevant knowledge there is a need for more comprehensive information on chemical hazards and a broader implementation of the already existing regulations and guidelines, such as those from ILO, IMO, and national authorities. It is also necessary to have regular controls by the authorities on a worldwide scale, which should be followed by sanctions in case of disregarding regulations. Further, fumigated containers must have a warning sign corresponding to international recommendations and national regulations, and freight documents have to indicate any potential hazard during stripping the goods.
“Chapter 7. Gas chromatography with ultraviolet detection for the analysis of tholins.” (2006).
A GC-UV system would be a useful addition to a probe whose mission is to explore the organic chemistry of other worlds, especially Titan. Such a system could be made small, lightweight and low-power, making it ideal for spaceflight situations. Although it would not provide exact identification of compounds, functional group identification is possible, and since the technique is non-destructive, GC-UV could serve as a backup to a more traditional GC-MS system.
Andrasko, J.; Lagesson-Andrasko, L.; Dahlén, J.; Jonsson, B.-H.. Journal of Forensic Sciences, July 2017, 62(4):1022-1027 Language: English. Blackwell Publishing Inc. DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13364
A mixture of explosives was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) linked to ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry that enabled detection in the range of 178–330 nm. The gas‐phase UV spectra of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT), ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN), glycerine trinitrate (NG, nitroglycerine), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) were successfully recorded. The most interesting aspect of the current application is that it enabled simultaneous detection of both the target analyte and its decomposition products. At suitable elevated temperatures of the transfer line between the GC instrument and the UV detector, a partial decomposition was accomplished. Detection was made in real time and resulted in overlaid spectra of the mother compound and its decomposition product. Hence, the presented approach added another level to the qualitative identification of the explosives in comparison with traditional methods that relies only on the detection of the target analyte. As expected, the decomposition product of EGDN, NG, and PETN was NO, while TATP degraded to acetone. DNT and TNT did not exhibit any decomposition at the temperatures used.
Khan, Sulaiman; Newport, David; Le Calvé, Stéphane. Sensors (14248220) , Dec2019, Vol. 19 Issue 23, p5210, 1p. Publisher: MDPI Publishing., Database: Complementary Index
Several gas molecules of environmental and domestic significance exhibit a strong deep-UV absorption. Therefore, a sensitive and a selective gas detector based on this unique molecular property (i.e., absorption at a specific wavelength) can be developed using deep-UV absorption spectrophotometry. UV absorption spectrometry provides a highly sensitive, reliable, self-referenced, and selective approach for gas sensing. This review article addresses the recent progress in the application of deep-UV absorption for gas sensing owing to its inherent features and tremendous potentials. Applications, advancements, and challenges related to UV emission sources, gas cells, and UV photodetectors are assessed and compared. We present the relevant theoretical aspects and challenges associated with the development of portable sensitive spectrophotometer. Finally, the applications of UV absorption spectrometry for ozone, NO 2, SO2 , and aromatic organic compounds during the last decades are discussed and compared. A portable UV absorption spectrophotometer can be developed by using LEDs, hollow core waveguides (HCW), and UV photodetectors (i.e., photodiodes). LED provides a portable UV emission source with low power input, low-intensity drifts, low cost, and ease of alignment. It is a quasi-chromatic UV source and covers the absorption band of molecules without optical filters for absorbance measurement of a target analyte. HCWs can be applied as a miniature gas cell for guiding UV radiation for measurement of low gas concentrations. Photodiodes, on the other hand, offer a portable UV photodetector with excellent spectral selectivity with visible rejection, minimal dark current, linearity, and resistance against UV-aging.
Dimitris G. Hatzinikolaou, Verner Lagesson, Anastasia J. Stavridou, Aristea E. Pouli, Ludmila Lagesson-Andrasko, and John C. StavridesAnalytical Chemistry 2006 78 (13), 4509-4516
A gas chromatography method, coupled with diode array photometric spectral detection in the ultraviolet region (167−330 nm), was developed for the analysis of the gas phase of cigarette smoke. The method enabled us to identify more than 20 volatiles present in the vapor phase of cigarette smoke. In that way, all major volatile organic compounds (including aldehydes, conjugated dienes, ketones, sulfides, furans, and single-ring aromatics), as well as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), can be analyzed in a straightforward manner through a single chromatographic run of <50-min duration. The method can easily be applied by the introduction of a small volume of the gas-phase stream into the GC injection loop directly through the smoking apparatus exhaust circuit, thus providing an excellent alternative to available methods, which usually require extraction or concentration steps prior to any chromatographic analysis. Furthermore, all problems concerning aging of the gas phase are eliminated. Twelve compounds (including NO) were chosen for quantification through the use of appropriate calibration standards. Comparison of the vapor phase yields of these compounds for the reference cigarette Kentucky 1R4F with already reported data indicates that this method is very reliable as far as accuracy and reproducibility of the results are concerned. Finally, the proposed methodology was used to compare the concentration of these cigarette smoke gas-phase constituents among individual puffs.
Anders Nilsson, Verner Lagesson, Carl-Gustaf Bornehag, Jan Sundell, Christer Tagesson, Environment International, Volume 31, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 1141-1148, ISSN 0160-4120,
A novel technique, gas chromatography-UV spectrometry (GC-UV), was used to quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in settled dust from 389 residences in Sweden. The dust samples were thermally desorbed in an inert atmosphere and evaporated compounds were concentrated by solid phase micro extraction and separated by capillary GC. Eluting compounds were then detected, identified, and quantified using a diode array UV spectrophotometer. Altogether, 28 compounds were quantified in each sample; 24 of these were found in more than 50% of the samples. The compounds found in highest concentrations were saturated aldehydes (C5–C10), furfuryl alcohol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 2-furaldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Alkenals were also found, notably 2-butenal (crotonaldehyde), 2-methyl-propenal (methacrolein), hexenal, heptenal, octenal, and nonenal. The concentrations of each of the 28 compounds ranged between two to three orders of magnitude, or even more. These results demonstrate the presence of a number of VOCs in indoor dust, and provide, for the first time, a quantitative determination of these compounds in a larger number of dust samples from residents. The findings also illustrate the potential use of GC-UV for analysing volatile compounds in indoor dust, some of which are potential irritants (to the skin, eyes or respiratory system) if present at higher concentrations. The potential use of GC-UV for improving survey and control of the human exposure to particle-bound irritants and other chemicals is inferred.
Lagesson, H.V., Nilsson, A. & Tagesson, C. Qualitative determination of compounds adsorbed on indoor dust particles using GC-UV and GC-MS after thermal desorption. Chromatographia 52, 621–630 (2000).
Fifteen indoor dust samples were analysed qualitatively to determine the compounds adsorbed on the surfaces of the particles. The analyses were performed by GC-MS and GC-UV after thermal desorption at 150°C. A total of 192 different compounds with boiling points from about 50°C to 250°C were identified or classified. The results from the two methods, which were carried out under similar conditions of thermal desorption and gas chromatographic separation, were complementary. GC-MS clearly showed better results for non-aromatic compounds such as alkanes, chlorinated hydrocarbons, acids, esters and alcohols, but for aldehydes and compounds containing unconjugated double bonds the two methods were about equally successful. However, for aromatic or conjugated compounds, the GC-UV method had a clear advantage. Also two iodinated compounds were determined only by the GC-UV technique. These findings indicate that the combined use of GC-UV and GC-MS is appropriate for the analysis of chemical compounds adsorbed on indoor dust particles.
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